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文献来源 基于盈余电话会议的测度： Narcissism score of the CEO based on FSP use, a continuous value between 0 and 1. FSP is calculated by all first-person singular pronouns divided by the sum of all first-person pronoun use (singular and plural) of CEO speech in quarterly earnings conference calls (minimum requirement is 1,000 spoken words and 3 conference calls). Aktas, de Bodt, Bollaert, and Roll (2016) use the FSP measure as their single measure of CEO narcissism. Specifically, Aktas et al. use the proportions of first-person singular (I, me, my, mine, myself) to total first-person pronouns (I, me, my, mine, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves) in CEO speech in conference calls with analysts (quarterly earnings calls or industry-specific calls) as an indicator of CEO narcissism. Malhotra et al. (2018) argue that the Q A session – as opposed to the initial presentation session – is not scripted and thus more likely to reveal the true personality of the CEO. Gre
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