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Fate and transport of co-contaminants in soil and water environments: Risk, resilience, and remediation The fate and transport of various contaminants in soil and water environments is a complex issue that involves multiple interacting key processes and mechanisms of transport (advection, dispersion, and diffusion), leaching, deposition, sorption-desorption, biodegradation, and so on. Understanding these processes and mechanisms is crucial for predicting contaminant behavior, assessing environmental risks, enhancing system resilience, and developing effective remediation strategies for co-contaminated soil and water environments. Co-contamination presents unique challenges for risk assessment and risk frameworks due to the potential for synergistic or antagonistic effects across different environmental compartments. Resilience of soil and water systems to co-contamination depends on various factors, e.g., organic matter content, pH, redox conditions, etc. Remediation of co-contaminants
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